Summary of What is Culture? by Jawaharlal Nehru

 Culture and Wisdom: A Speech by Jawaharlal Nehru 

Jawaharlal Nehru, in his speech at the inauguration of the Indian Council of Cultural Relations in 1950, explores the complex and multifaceted nature of culture and its relationship with wisdom. He begins by expressing his pleasure in promoting cultural exchange between India and the world, but also acknowledges the confusion surrounding the very concept of culture. 

Nehru observes that while understanding each other is crucial, history shows that nations often quarrel more with those they know best. He questions the effectiveness of cultural relations when different countries have their own unique ideas of culture that can clash and lead to conflict. He highlights the difficulty in defining culture, acknowledging that it is not a fixed or pure entity, but rather a dynamic blend of influences shaped by history, geography, and other factors. 

He emphasizes that culture must be dynamic and not stagnate. It must have a strong foundation rooted in a nation's history and experience, but also be open to external influences. Nehru cautions against isolating oneself from other cultures, as this can lead to a static and unhealthy situation. He argues that while religion has had a profound impact on humanity, it can also stifle intellectual growth if it becomes too dogmatic and restrictive. 

Nehru explores the balance between rootedness and openness in culture, drawing a comparison to a tree with strong roots and flourishing branches. He believes that a true understanding of another's perspective is essential for cultural growth, as it allows us to learn from different viewpoints and expand our own knowledge. He connects this idea to the scientific approach, emphasizing the importance of open-mindedness, examining evidence, and challenging assumptions. 

Nehru criticizes the tendency for nations to perceive themselves as superior to others, pointing out that this self-imposed superiority often stems from a desire to avoid facing one's shortcomings. He also discusses the complex nature of nationalism, recognizing its potential for both growth and stagnation, as well as its potential for aggression if unchecked. 

He acknowledges the interconnectedness of cultural, economic, and political issues, highlighting the need to address both material needs and the deeper psychological needs of individuals. He sees a conflict in the spirit of man, a yearning for something that eludes definition. 

Nehru emphasizes the importance of a friendly approach in cultural exchange, believing that genuine understanding can only occur through openness and a willingness to learn from others. He concludes by questioning whether the modern world, with its accumulation of knowledge and technology, has actually achieved true wisdom. He wonders if societies might have been wiser in the past, even without the advantages of modern life, and leaves the audience to ponder the balance between knowledge and wisdom, between the pursuit of progress and the cultivation of understanding. 

Nehru's speech, delivered over 70 years ago, still resonates with contemporary relevance, reminding us of the ongoing challenges of bridging cultural divides, fostering understanding, and finding a balance between rootedness and openness in a world that is increasingly interconnected yet often divided.