Monday, 14 July 2025

Texts for MA English First Semester Course Indian Literature in English

Texts for Study MA English Indian Literature in English
Dear students,
Welcome to a new academic year. This year, you don't have to search for the full texts of Indian English poetry. I have gathered them from various sources, typed some of them by myself and arranged them in this post. Click on the link and read them
Happy reading!

Section A: Poetry 

Toru Dutt

Our Casuarina Tree

Click to Read

Rabindranath Tagore 

The Child

Click to Read

Nizzim Ezekiel

In the Country Cottage

Click to Read

Jayantha Mahapatra

Hunger

Click to Read

A.K. Ramanujan

Obituary

Click to Read

R. Parthasarathy

River, Once

Click to Read

Kamala Das 

The Old Playhouse

Click to Read

Gieve Patel

The Ambiguous fate

 of Gieve Patel, he being

 neither Muslim nor 

Hindu in India

Click to Read

Meena Alexander 

Blue Lotus

Click to Read

Arundhathi Subramaniam

Home

Click to Read

MeenaKandasamy

Dead Woman Walking

Click to Read

Jawaharlal Nehru

What is Culture

Click to read

Sunday, 13 July 2025

Full Text of the Poem "Obituary" by A.K. Ramanujan

            Obituary
        A.K. Ramanujan

Father, when he passed on,
left dust
on a table of papers,
left debts and daughters,
a bedwetting grandson
named by the toss
of a coin after him,

a house that leaned
slowly through our growing
years on a bent coconut
tree in the yard.
Being the burning type,
he bumed properly
at the cremation

as before, easily
and at both ends,
left his eye coins
in the ashes that didn't
look one bit different,
several spinal discs, rough,
some burned to coal, for sons

to pick gingerly
and throw as the priest
said, facing east
where three rivers met
near the railway station;
no longstanding headstone
with his full name and two dates

to hold in their parentheses
everything he didn't quite
manage to do himself,
like his caesarian birth
in a brahmin ghetto
and his death by heart-
failure in the fruit market.

But someone told me
he got two lines
in an inside column
of a Madras newspaper
sold by the kilo
exactly four weeks later
to streethawkers

who sell it in turn
to the small groceries
where I buy salt,
conander,
and jaggery
in newspaper cones
that I usually read

for fun, and lately
in the hope of finding
these obituary lines.
And he left us
a changed mother
and more than
one annual ritual.

Saturday, 12 July 2025

Full Text of the Poem "Hunger" by Jayanta Mahapatra

                                Hunger
                             Jayanta Mahapatra

It was hard to believe the flesh was heavy on my back.
The fisherman said: Will you have her, carelessly,
trailing his nets and his nerves, as though his words
sanctified the purpose with which he faced himself.
I saw his white bone thrash his eyes.

I followed him across the sprawling sands,
my mind thumping in the flesh’s sling.
Hope lay perhaps in burning the house I lived in.
Silence gripped my sleeves; his body clawed at the froth
his old nets had only dragged up from the seas.

In the flickering dark his hut opened like a wound.
The wind was I, and the days and nights before.
Palm fronds scratched my skin. Inside the shack
an oil lamp splayed the hours bunched to those walls.
Over and over the sticky soot crossed the space of my mind.

I heard him say: My daughter, she’s just turned fifteen…
Feel her. I’ll be back soon, your bus leaves at nine.
The sky fell on me, and a father’s exhausted wile.
Long and lean, her years were cold as rubber.
She opened her wormy legs wide. I felt the hunger there,
the other one, the fish slithering, turning inside.



Friday, 11 July 2025

Full Text of the Poem "Our Casuarina Tree" by Toru Dutt

Our Casuarina Tree by Toru Dutt


Like a huge Python, winding round and round

The rugged trunk, indented deep with scars,

Up to its very summit near the stars,

A creeper climbs, in whose embraces bound

No other tree could live. But gallantly

The giant wears the scarf, and flowers are hung

In crimson clusters all the boughs among,

Whereon all day are gathered bird and bee;

And oft at nights the garden overflows

With one sweet song that seems to have no close,

Sung darkling from our tree, while men repose.


When first my casement is wide open thrown

At dawn, my eyes delighted on it rest;

Sometimes, and most in winter,—on its crest

A gray baboon sits statue-like alone

Watching the sunrise; while on lower boughs

His puny offspring leap about and play;

And far and near kokilas hail the day;

And to their pastures wend our sleepy cows;

And in the shadow, on the broad tank cast

By that hoar tree, so beautiful and vast,

The water-lilies spring, like snow enmassed.


But not because of its magnificence

Dear is the Casuarina to my soul:

Beneath it we have played; though years may roll,

O sweet companions, loved with love intense,

For your sakes, shall the tree be ever dear.

Blent with your images, it shall arise

In memory, till the hot tears blind mine eyes!

What is that dirge-like murmur that I hear

Like the sea breaking on a shingle-beach?

It is the tree’s lament, an eerie speech,

That haply to the unknown land may reach.


Unknown, yet well-known to the eye of faith!

Ah, I have heard that wail far, far away

In distant lands, by many a sheltered bay,

When slumbered in his cave the water-wraith

And the waves gently kissed the classic shore

Of France or Italy, beneath the moon,

When earth lay trancèd in a dreamless swoon:

And every time the music rose,—before

Mine inner vision rose a form sublime,

Thy form, O Tree, as in my happy prime

I saw thee, in my own loved native clime.


Therefore I fain would consecrate a lay

Unto thy honor, Tree, beloved of those

Who now in blessed sleep, for aye, repose,

Dearer than life to me, alas! were they!

Mayst thou be numbered when my days are done

With deathless trees—like those in Borrowdale,

Under whose awful branches lingered pale

“Fear, trembling Hope, and Death, the skeleton,

And Time the shadow;” and though weak the verse

That would thy beauty fain, oh fain rehearse,

May Love defend thee from Oblivion’s curse.


Thursday, 10 July 2025

KPSC HSA English - Summary and Model Objective Questions from "A Doll's House" by Henrik Ibsen

Act-by-Act Summary of "A Doll's House"

Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906) was a groundbreaking Norwegian playwright. He is often called the "father of modern drama." His plays frequently challenged 19th-century societal norms and moral conventions. Ibsen's works introduced realism and psychological depth to the stage. They explored themes like individual freedom, hypocrisy, and the role of women in society. "A Doll's House," first performed in 1879, remains one of his most famous and controversial plays. It profoundly questions traditional marital roles.

Act One: The play opens during Christmas at the Helmer residence. Nora Helmer appears as a seemingly naive and childlike wife. Her husband, Torvald, treats her like a pet, using condescending nicknames. He forbids her from eating macaroons. Nora, however, secretly harbors a significant debt. She borrowed money years ago to finance a trip to Italy. This trip was necessary to save Torvald's life from a severe illness. She forged her dying father's signature to secure the loan. Krogstad, a lawyer with a tarnished reputation, holds Nora's bond. He works at Torvald's bank and faces dismissal. Krogstad threatens to expose Nora's forgery if she doesn't persuade Torvald to keep him employed. Mrs. Linde, Nora's old friend, arrives seeking employment. Torvald offers her a position at the bank, replacing Krogstad. This intensifies Nora's desperate situation. Dr. Rank, a family friend, also visits. He secretly loves Nora and suffers from a debilitating illness.

Act Two: Nora's anxiety escalates as Christmas approaches. She becomes increasingly agitated and isolated. She tries to convince Torvald to reinstate Krogstad, but Torvald remains firm. He is concerned about his public image. He also believes Krogstad is morally corrupt. Nora becomes more desperate. She hints at her secret to Mrs. Linde. She even contemplates taking her own life. Dr. Rank reveals his terminal illness to Nora. He confesses his love for her. Nora is deeply touched but also burdened by his confession. She cannot ask him for financial help. Krogstad arrives again. He has been dismissed and is furious. He slips a letter into Torvald's locked mailbox, revealing Nora's forgery. Nora desperately tries to distract Torvald. She rehearses a Tarantella dance, begging him to delay opening the mail. Her performance grows increasingly frantic.

Act Three: Torvald finally opens his mailbox after the Christmas party. He reads Krogstad's letter and explodes in anger. His primary concern is his own reputation and public image. He condemns Nora as a criminal and a hypocrite. He declares she is unfit to raise their children. He states that their marriage will continue only in appearance. A second letter from Krogstad arrives. It contains Nora's bond and his retraction of the accusation. Krogstad, influenced by Mrs. Linde, has changed his mind. Mrs. Linde reconciled with Krogstad, promising to help him rebuild his life. Torvald is instantly relieved and forgiving. He believes the crisis is over. He is concerned only that the public never learns of the incident.

Nora, however, experiences a profound awakening. She sees Torvald's true character. His reaction to the forgery exposed his self-centeredness. He valued his reputation above her well-being or their shared life. She realizes she has been living in a "doll's house." Both her father and Torvald treated her as a plaything, not an equal. She understands her true identity has been suppressed.

Nora confronts Torvald with her realisation. She explains her need to understand herself and the world. She believes she has been living a lie. Torvald is completely bewildered by her sudden transformation. He cannot comprehend her desire for independence. He tries to appeal to her wifely and motherly duties. He uses emotional manipulation to make her stay.

Nora explains that she must leave to discover her own identity. She needs to learn about life and society on her own terms. She recognizes that she is not a fit wife or mother until she understands herself. She tells Torvald that their marriage is a sham. There is no longer any hope for a "wonderful thing" (a true partnership) to happen between them.

The play culminates in Nora's shocking departure. She leaves Torvald and her children. This act defies all societal expectations of a woman in 19th-century Europe. She walks out, slamming the door behind her. This sound symbolizes the breaking of societal conventions and the beginning of her journey toward self-discovery. The play ends on a note of uncertainty. It leaves the audience to ponder Nora's future and the implications of her radical choice.

Objective Multiple-Choice Questions

  1. Henrik Ibsen is often referred to as the:
    (A) Father of modern poetry
    (B) Father of modern drama
    (C) Father of the novel
    (D) Father of realism in painting
    Answer: (B)

  2. "A Doll's House" was first performed in which year?
    (A) 1859
    (B) 1879
    (C) 1899
    (D) 1909
    Answer: (B)

  3. What does Torvald forbid Nora from eating?
    (A) Chocolates
    (B) Macaroons
    (C) Cake
    (D) Cookies
    Answer: (B)

  4. Why did Nora secretly borrow money years ago?
    (A) To buy a new house
    (B) To finance a trip to save Torvald's life
    (C) To invest in a business
    (D) To pay off gambling debts
    Answer: (B)

  5. Whose signature did Nora forge to secure the loan?
    (A) Her mother's
    (B) Her brother's
    (C) Her dying father's
    (D) Torvald's
    Answer: (C)

  6. Who holds Nora's bond and threatens to expose her forgery?
    (A) Dr. Rank
    (B) Mrs. Linde
    (C) Krogstad
    (D) Bob Helmer
    Answer: (C)

  7. What is Krogstad's position at Torvald's bank at the beginning of the play?
    (A) Manager
    (B) Lawyer
    (C) Clerk
    (D) Director
    Answer: (B)

  8. Who replaces Krogstad at the bank?
    (A) Nora
    (B) Dr. Rank
    (C) Mrs. Linde
    (D) A new employee from outside
    Answer: (C)

  9. What is Dr. Rank's secret concerning Nora?
    (A) He dislikes her
    (B) He secretly loves her
    (C) He is her secret brother
    (D) He owes her money
    Answer: (B)

  10. What illness does Dr. Rank suffer from?
    (A) A heart condition
    (B) A terminal spinal disease
    (C) Tuberculosis
    (D) Blindness
    Answer: (B)

  11. Why does Torvald refuse to reinstate Krogstad?
    (A) Krogstad is too old
    (B) He is concerned about his public image and Krogstad's moral standing
    (C) Krogstad demanded too much salary
    (D) He wants to hire Mrs. Linde instead
    Answer: (B)

  12. What does Krogstad do to reveal Nora's secret to Torvald?
    (A) He tells Dr. Rank
    (B) He sends a telegram
    (C) He slips a letter into Torvald's mailbox
    (D) He confronts Torvald directly
    Answer: (C)

  13. What dance does Nora frantically rehearse to distract Torvald?
    (A) A waltz
    (B) A polka
    (C) A tango
    (D) A tarantella
    Answer: (D)

  14. What is Torvald's initial reaction upon reading Krogstad's first letter?
    (A) Calm and understanding
    (B) Deeply saddened
    (C) Furious and concerned about his reputation
    (D) Amused
    Answer: (C)

  15. What does Torvald declare about Nora's role after learning of the forgery?
    (A) She must immediately leave the house.
    (B) Their marriage will continue only in appearance.
    (C) She must apologize publicly.
    (D) She must confess to the authorities.
    Answer: (B)

  16. Who is responsible for Krogstad changing his mind and retracting his accusation?
    (A) Dr. Rank
    (B) Torvald
    (C) Nora's father
    (D) Mrs. Linde
    Answer: (D)

  17. What does Nora realize about her life after Torvald's reaction?
    (A) She is truly happy in her marriage.
    (B) She has been living in a "doll's house."
    (C) Torvald genuinely loves her more than himself.
    (D) She should have asked for help sooner.
    Answer: (B)

  18. How does Torvald view Nora throughout much of the play?
    (A) As an equal partner
    (B) As a responsible adult
    (C) As a pet or doll
    (D) As his intellectual superior
    Answer: (C)

  19. What is Nora's primary reason for leaving Torvald?
    (A) To escape her debts
    (B) To seek a new love interest
    (C) To discover her own identity and self
    (D) To punish Torvald
    Answer: (C)

  20. What does Nora realize she needs to learn about?
    (A) Cooking and cleaning
    (B) Knitting and sewing
    (C) Herself and the world
    (D) Playing the piano
    Answer: (C)

  21. What does Nora believe about her fitness as a wife and mother before leaving?
    (A) She is perfectly fit.
    (B) She is unfit until she understands herself.
    (C) She needs a new home to be a better mother.
    (D) She is only fit to be a wife, not a mother.
    Answer: (B)

  22. What symbolizes the breaking of societal conventions at the end of the play?
    (A) Nora's silent departure
    (B) Torvald's tears
    (C) The slamming of the door
    (D) The Christmas tree falling over
    Answer: (C)

  23. Which character has a "tarnished reputation" due to past forgery?
    (A) Torvald Helmer
    (B) Dr. Rank
    (C) Krogstad
    (D) Mrs. Linde
    Answer: (C)

  24. The "wonderful thing" that Nora hopes for in the play refers to:
    (A) Torvald getting a promotion
    (B) A true partnership and understanding in her marriage
    (C) Dr. Rank recovering from his illness
    (D) Her father returning
    Answer: (B)

  25. "A Doll's House" is considered controversial for its time because of its portrayal of:
    (A) Financial scandals
    (B) Women's struggle for individuality and marital roles
    (C) Terminal illness
    (D) Holiday traditions
    Answer: (B)